Linux Tutorial: What Is Linux? A Complete Beginner’s Guide (2025)

 

     Linux is one of the most powerful and widely used operating systems in the world today. From smartphones and cloud servers to supercomputers and embedded systems, Linux powers much of modern technology. Despite its widespread usage, many beginners still ask a simple question: What is Linux?

This Linux tutorial provides a clear and complete introduction to Linux, explaining its concepts, features, architecture, distributions, advantages, and why learning Linux is essential for careers in IT, cloud computing, DevOps, cybersecurity, and software development.

What Is Linux?

Linux is an open-source operating system (OS) based on the Unix architecture. It acts as an interface between computer hardware and the user, managing system resources such as memory, CPU, storage, and input/output devices.

Unlike proprietary operating systems, Linux is freely available and can be modified and distributed by anyone. This openness has led to rapid innovation and widespread adoption across industries.

In simple terms, Linux controls how your system works and allows you to run applications efficiently and securely.

History of Linux

Linux was created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, a Finnish computer science student. He developed Linux as a free alternative to Unix. Over time, thousands of developers across the world contributed to its growth.

Linux follows an open-source development model, which means anyone can review, modify, and improve the code. This collaborative approach made Linux highly stable, secure, and scalable.

Linux Architecture

Linux follows a layered architecture:

Kernel – The core of Linux, managing hardware, memory, processes, and system calls

Shell – The command-line interface that allows users to interact with the kernel

System Libraries – Provide functionality for applications

System Utilities – Administrative tools and commands

Applications – User programs such as browsers, editors, and servers

This modular structure makes Linux flexible and powerful.

Key Features of Linux

1. Open Source

Linux is free to use, modify, and distribute.

2. Multiuser Support

Multiple users can access the system simultaneously without conflicts.

3. Multitasking

Linux can run multiple programs at the same time efficiently.

4. Security

Linux offers strong security with file permissions, access control, and frequent updates.

5. Stability

Linux systems can run for years without rebooting.

6. Portability

Linux runs on servers, desktops, mobile devices, and embedded systems.

What Are Linux Distributions?

A Linux distribution (distro) is a complete operating system built around the Linux kernel.

Popular Linux distributions include:

Ubuntu

CentOS / AlmaLinux

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)

Debian

Fedora

Arch Linux

Kali Linux

Each distro serves different purposes, from desktop usage to enterprise servers and cybersecurity.

Why Linux Is Important in Today’s World

Linux is used everywhere:

Cloud platforms (AWS, Azure, GCP)

Web servers (Apache, Nginx)

DevOps tools and automation

Mobile devices (Android)

Supercomputers

IoT and embedded systems

Learning Linux opens doors to multiple high-paying IT careers.

Linux vs Other Operating Systems

Feature Linux Windows macOS

Cost Free Paid Paid

Open Source Yes No No

Security High Moderate High

Customization High Low Moderate

Server Usage Very High Moderate Low

Linux dominates server and cloud environments due to its performance and flexibility.

Basic Linux Commands (Beginner Overview)

Some essential Linux commands include:

ls – List files

cd – Change directory

pwd – Show current directory

mkdir – Create directory

rm – Remove files

cp – Copy files

mv – Move or rename files

chmod – Change permissions

ps – Show running processes

These commands form the foundation of Linux usage.

Advantages of Linux

Free and cost-effective

Highly secure and stable

Large community support

Perfect for servers and cloud

Ideal for DevOps and automation

Customizable to specific needs

Limitations of Linux

Steeper learning curve for beginners

Limited support for some commercial software

Hardware compatibility issues (rare)

Despite these, Linux remains the top choice for professionals.

Who Should Learn Linux?

Linux is ideal for:

Students and beginners

System administrators

DevOps engineers

Cloud engineers

Cybersecurity professionals

Software developers

Linux knowledge is a must-have skill in modern IT roles.

Linux in DevOps & Cloud

Linux is the backbone of DevOps and cloud platforms. Most CI/CD tools, containers, and cloud servers run on Linux.

Tools relying on Linux include:

Docker

Kubernetes

Jenkins

Ansible

Terraform

Without Linux knowledge, mastering DevOps is difficult.

Future of Linux

Linux continues to grow with advancements in:

Cloud computing

Artificial Intelligence

Edge computing

Cybersecurity

Automation

Linux remains future-proof and in high demand.

Conclusion

Linux is more than just an operating system—it is the foundation of modern computing. Its open-source nature, security, stability, and flexibility make it the preferred choice for servers, cloud platforms, DevOps pipelines, and enterprise systems.

For beginners, learning Linux is the first step toward building a successful IT career. Whether you aim to become a cloud engineer, DevOps professional, system administrator, or cybersecurity expert, Linux is a skill you cannot ignore.